Over the years, the fundamental forces of technological change and market competition have been changing both the forms in which money is held and the methods by which its ownership is transferred. Originally money was a physical substance like gold and silver. It could even be alive - cattle were one of the oldest forms of money. Today, although much of the money used by individuals in their everyday transactions is still in the form of notes and coins, its quantity is small in comparison with the intangible money that exists only as entries in bank records. Perhaps coins and banknotes will become as obsolete as cowries' shells. This intangible (electronic) money acts as a replacement for cash, where monetary value is stored on a smart card and is used to make daily small payments. Therefore, electronic money has become an essential element and affects our lives in one way or another. This paper investigates the electronic money in two different regimes that is, The United Kingdom and Pakistan. Here the Legal Framework, payment mechanism, permission for issuance, authorization requirements and purse limit of the electronic money in these two countries has been investigated. Prudential and other requirements which are regulating and affecting the electronic money in these regimes have been investigated here. The various restrictions and limitations imposed by the authorities in these regimes on the electronic money firms have been discussed in this paper. Assessments of the Consumer Protection laws in these regimes which are relevant to the electronic money have been touched as well.

Banking sector is a knowledge based service industry and play significant role in the development process of the economy. There is an evolving need for acquiring and getting new skills and developing new competencies in this sector. In the present scenario this sector is facing various external challenges such as to cope with the enhanced customer expectations, deal with the market competitiveness and muddle through the changing banking rules, regulation and policy procedures. Along with that the internal challenges like generating team work, improving productivity and developing an efficient human force to perform in this era of competition. The paper focuses on to find out the response of bank's employees towards training and to know that up to what extent these training programs enhanced their productivity and competitiveness. Beside this to analyze how training enables them to carry out their roles and responsibilities efficiently and learn new things, this will prepare them to take up higher responsibilities in the future to reach the new horizon in banking sector.

During the last decade, some incidents shook the corporate world, thereby causing organizations to struggle for their survival and individuals to secure their interests. For creating spirituality in the workplace, establishing spiritual reduce the work stress is necessary to strengthen the commitment of staff and to improve their activities. To achieve this goal, a conceptual model was used. In response to the growing needs in this sphere, this article aims to provide a new dimension to the organizational responsibilities. The role of spirituality to motivate the employee's for the betterment of the successful organization. The sufficiency of managers has been investigated in terms of administration of instructional processes and curriculum, assessment of employees and instructional processes, motivation and improvement of employees, creation of employees -learning climate. Administration of the organization and achieving the goals in a democratic and transparent society requires effective to reduce the work stress that is greatly transformed according to the in and out of the organization.

Indian Agriculture contributes to 18.6 per cent of India's GDP, and approximately 59 per cent Indians derive their livelihood from the agricultural sector. Today's farmers not only want the two-time bread for their families, but also surplus food production that can be sold in the market to earn them sufficient money to fulfill their other needs. Along this line, private sector initiatives like contract farming have commercialized the Indian agricultural sector. Many new concepts and theories that substitute traditional methods have also been seen. One of them is the introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which enables the dissemination of requisite information at the right time. This revolution in information technology has made access to information easy and cost-effective. ICT includes computers and communication technology along with associated software. The activities of generating, processing, transmitting, disseminating, sorting, archiving and retrieving information constitute the information industry.

Country destitution in India is a perplexing sensation and there clearly can't be one overwhelming approach for its easing. Numerous examinations in Asian nations appear to have succeeded in easing neediness in more diminutive pockets (groups of villages). These examinations were concerned with changes in micro level arranging, viable supply of credit to the poorest of poor people, enhanced administration of government-run neediness easing systems, and the work of some nongovernmental conglomerations (Ngos) in building systems of self improvement around the country poor. Generally succeeded in view of grass root intercession. New approach drives sat down for a bit to time have had the capacity to give more amazing assets for destitution turned systems, training, health or family welfare.

The success of hotels largely depends on how much more they can offer to their guests. The rising number of women travellers over the world has made the Luxury Hotels create the special services for them. The Women Friendly Frills have become an international trend and since the last decade the hotels in India are also gearing up to tap this clientele. Some hotels have full- fledged floors, whereas others have single lady rooms. The preferences or inclination for facilities and amenities differ according to the gender. Not many hotels cater to this gender preferred services. The research article tries to focus on women friendly facilities and the preferences of the women clientele to stay in these hotels. The findings of the study suggest that comfort, safety and security are the main factors that women guests want in a hotel. The facilities for single lady traveller in India are catered by top-end hotels only; the midscale hotels offer very few women friendly facilities.

Face recognition is the process of identifying or verifying the identity of person. Face recognition is an important part of many biometric, security, and surveillance systems, as well as image and video indexing systems. Face Recognition Problem is an example of Pattern Classification Problem. Like any Pattern Classification problem, Face recognition also consists of two key points, feature extraction and pattern classification. LBP (Local Binary Pattern) is very simple but efficient texture operator for feature extraction. The feature extraction can be performed using LBP. SVM (Support Vector Machine) is superior classifier than other classifiers such as RBF (Radial Basis Function), k-nearest neighbor, Fisher linear discriminant etc. The pattern classification can be performed using SVM.

Mutual fund industry has experienced a drastic growth in the past two decades. Increase in the number of schemes with increased mobilization of funds in the past few years notes the importance of Indian mutual funds industry. To fulfill the expectations of millions of retail investors, the mutual funds are required to function as successful institutional investors. Proper assessment of various fund performance and their comparison with other funds helps retail investors for making investment decisions. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of mutual fund schemes ranked 1 by CRISIL and compare these returns with SBI domestic term deposit rates. Considering the interest of retail investors simple statistical techniques like averages and rate of returns are used. The results obtained from the study clearly depicts that, in most of the cases the mutual fund schemes have failed even to provide the return of SBI domestic term deposits.

The aim of this study is designing Executive Model of Market OrientationEffect onPerformance Business Units, in order achieve success in a competitive market, business units need a structure, environment and market data monitoring with marketorientation and evaluate their impact to the performance with marketorientation. In this study , based on research literature and by Delphi method, has been designed comprehensive Model of Market OrientationEffect on Performance Business Units, factors of environmental perceptual uncertainty, top manager risk taking, market orientation strategy, structure and Performance of business units are investigated. Data have obtained the survey of17 active companies in Tehran stock exchange'(food industry) top managers and have analyzed using SEM. First, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) have been tested the structural relationships of research, then by using SEM hypothesis have tested. The results show that several resulte such as there is a significant relationship between, the market orientation strategy and performance of business units, top managers risk taking and organizational structure and environmental perceived uncertainty have a significant relationship with marketorientation and the environmental perceived uncertainty has the main impact to performance.

The regulatory system governing the preparation and presentation of financial accounting reports by municipal organizations in West Bengal has undergone massive changes in the recent years. These changes have been underpinned by the need for appropriate planning, quality budgeting, the execution and monitoring of plans and budgets, transparent and user-friendly financial reporting that will assist decision makers and the public to measure performance and service quality. One of the major changes made in the regulatory requirements relating to municipal accounts relates to the replacement of the old cash-basis single entry system of accounting by the accrual-basis double entry system. The West Bengal Municipal (Financial and Accounting) Rules, 1999 has been amended suitably in order to bring about the matching changes in the layout and presentation of the financial statements.

As far as the Indian context is concerned the Government has not been able to provide the basic needs to the citizens of India across the boundaries. In view of the same there is an urgent need of Life Insurance penetration in the remote / rural areas. Most of them are not aware of the same and its benefits to their family as a whole. The growth of Post office and mostly Public Sector Banks have taken place in some of the rural areas but as far as the Life Insurance is concerned the rural sector has been ignored and not much effort has been done by the government and private agencies to penetrate the life insurance for the needy Indians.

Target Costing is a disciplined process for determining and realizing a total cost at which a proposed product with specified functionality must be produced to generate the desired profitability at its anticipated selling price in the future. CIMA defines target cost as “a product cost estimate derived from a competitive market price. Target Costing is a disciplined process that uses data and information in a logical series of steps to determine and achieve a target cost for the product. In addition, the price and cost are for specified product functionality, which is determined from understanding the needs of the customer and the willingness of the customer to pay for each function. Target costing is a formal process that attempts to match a proposed product's features/benefits with a viable market price that achieves the company's profitability goals.

Development communication is a communication used for the development of human beings. Print media and electronic media both play a significant role in the development communication of any country. In India, the Government uses print media to secure wide coverage of messages through various newspapers and journals. Print media as a traditional media plays a significant role in the development communication. In India, print media strengths have largely been shaped by its historical experience and, in particular, by its association with the freedom struggle as well as movements for social emancipation, reform, and amelioration. Today various modern and sophisticated technologies are using by the print media in both developed and under-developed countries and they also face stiff competition from electronic media. This article studies the circulation trends of the print media: newspaper and magazines in India and other few countries and also discussed how the role of print media in the development communication is changing in recent era. It also concentrates on what is the impact of new electronic media on the print media.

This paper aims to apprehend the possible articulations between the beliefs and the entrepreneurial intention. However, this stage requires as a preliminary to conceive the beliefs and its relationships with the intentional factors largely recommended by the literature relating to the entrepreneurship. Then, we will try to diagnose these articulations in the specific case of the Tunisian public civil servant public.